Was the Civil War inevitable essays

Was the Civil War inescapable papers Was the Civil War an inescapable clash? The Civil War was an inescapable clash that will undoubtedly detonate because of the contrasts between the North and South social orders, bondage, and legislative issues. After Independence, the intricacy of the American culture developed. The three segments that added to this multifaceted nature was the move away structure little scope, to a great extent means cultivating by generous quantities of northerners; the relocation of thousands of white Americans and dark slaves, and the recharging of servitude as a suitable monetary framework. Together, these set off a honing strife between financial interests, social classes and districts that were much of the time showed in party legislative issues. During the main portion of the nineteenth century, monetary contrasts between the locales of the North and South expanded. By 1830, cotton was the central yield of the South, and it spoke to simply over portion of all U.S. trades. It kept on growing and by 1836, it spoke to about 66% of every American fare (Enduring Visions, 244). The benefit of cotton finished the Souths reliance on the ranch framework and its fundamental segment, servitude. The North was by then immovably settled as a mechanical society. Work was required, yet not slave work (Class Notes). Movement was fundamental. 5,000,000 individuals moved structure Europe to the United States somewhere in the range of 1790 and 1860, the majority of them to seek after financial chance. The outsiders worked in production lines and fabricated railways of the north (Enduring Visions, 250-253). The south, opposing industrialization, produced close to nothing. Practically completely made merchandise must be imported. Southerners subs equently contradicted high levies, or expenses that were set on imported products and expanded the cost of fabricated articles. The assembling economy of the North, then again, requested high levies to shield its own items from modest remote rivalry (Enduring Vision, 251... <!

Build Mindfulness Publicity Of Their Item †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Build Mindfulness Publicity Of Their Item? Answer: Presentation: Thegoalof every affiliation is to confine the expense brought about in elevating exertion made to fabricate the care and do exposure of their thing. The advancing exertion is for enhancing the quantity of exposures todecreasecost to all the proposed intrigue gathering. Pertinence of cost in association It is alluring for all associations to help their cost efficiency with a particular ultimate objective tocarry outmost conspicuous item presentation for a base proportion of cash contributed. The firm can hold power by general expense smoothing out and ensure constant turn of events and headway (YazawaandShakouri2011). Steady control utilization is in like manner a key accomplishment factor in adventures for extending the generalskill. Each business will endeavor to improve his business. Remembering the ultimate objective to detailappropriatearrangement and trustworthy decision, he has to know answers to explicit inquiries,such as, (a) The best advantage which a business can make. (b) The advantage earned by it is tremendously appeared differently in relation to the before years. (c) Comparison of item offering benefits (d) Capital put resources into unrefined materials. (e) The expense of creation and earlier year correlation. (f) Product offering costmustupdate Cost bookkeeping fills in as an important device in the hands of the organization toward this way. By separating the expense of age of every unit, it makes the organization know the reactions to the above inquiries. Techniques toachievecost effectiveness: Training:Companies shouldchecktraining system tomake surethat worker is given legitimate administration andaidthem in carrying out the responsibility. Any representative can exceed expectations in their field when the individual in question is having with right devices. Putting resources into the preparation program may cost short run cost for the association however it will build productivity in thelong-term(Stuebs Sun 2010). Example:Infosysis huge corporate, yet it gives its representative trainingon standard basisto help themachievelower cost during item improvement process. It expands cost during business time yet helps in lessening generally speaking expense over the long haul. Screen execution: Monitoring worker on normal premise keep staff profitable. Observing is executed by looking at their performanceofsales and figures. Example:Hewlett-Packardadopted this procedure toachievecost proficiency. It proactively distinguishes issues during creation. At that point it quickly recognizes causes, and on the off chance that they are because of worker carelessness prompt activity isto betaken, and if the issue is technicalthandefects in the softwareis identified(Ray Das 2010). Foundation of assembling unit: Establishing producing unit in different nations helps in which giving cheapraw material and labourwhich helps in cost decrease. This procedure helps in cost decrease as the nation having modest work helps an organization toreducemanufacturing cost and become proficient. Model Apple built up its assembling plant in China toachievecost effectiveness in item improvement andreduceorganization cost. Re-appropriating: A business association can likewise re-appropriate its a portion of the action to some other organization or nation toachievecost effectiveness. It implies like giving out piece of the creation by business to other firm tocutits item cost (Michela, Carlotta Andrea 2012). This method isfollowedby a few organizations to benefit this office at the lower cost than acquired initially by the association, so lessens time and cost both. Model: Adidas has re-appropriated the vast majority of its essential crude materialneedfrom Country basically Cambodia and Canada. The two nations are giving crude material flexibly on contract premise routinely to Adidas which helped its crude material gracefully cost and time also. End: Cost productivity helps an organization tocutits cost of creation by different methods. It in a roundabout way helpsachievecompanysaimwith insignificant cost andmaximumproduction. Observing execution, redistributing, setting up assembling plant and preparing are not many of normal strategy utilized by numerous associations toachievecost effectiveness. References: Michela, P., Carlotta, M.C. also, Andrea, C., 2012. Hierarchical change: Business processreengineeringor outsourcing?.Annals of Facultyof Economics,1(2), pp.277-287. Beam, S.C. Das, A., 2010. Circulation of cost and benefit proficiency: Evidence from Indian banking.European Journal of Operational Research,201(1), pp.297-307. Stuebs, M. Sun, L., 2010. Business notoriety and work effectiveness, profitability, and cost.Journal of Business Ethics,96(2), pp.265-283. Yazawa, K. Shakouri, A., 2011. Cost-effectiveness exchange off and the structure of thermoelectric force generators.Environmental science technology,45(17), pp.7548-7553.

Anna Teytelman Japanese Hip-Hop Extraordinaire!

Anna Teytelman Japanese Hip-Hop Extraordinaire! When most people say they have a UROP, you can immediately imagine them sitting at a lab bench while wearing a white lab coat, safety glasses, and gloves. If Anna Teytelman, a sophomore in Management Science (Course 15) and Mathematics with Computer Science (Course 18C), showed up to her UROP in such attire, her boss would probably, no, definitely, laugh at her and possibly send her to MIT Medical. Anna has every music lovers dream job: she researches Japanese hip-hop for Professor Ian Condry, an Assistant Professor in the Foreign Languages and Literatures (FLL) Department. Annas research is in the area of Japanese popular culture and is focused on Japanese Hip Hop. She studies its evolution from its relatively recent birth and also compares Japanese and American Hip Hop. She explains,On the one hand, Japanese hip-hop admittedly takes a lot of its roots from the American styles, which come from mostly African-American origins. On the other hand, a lot of artists intentionally take a lot of their material from Japanese cultural sources. Some rappers use Japanese poetry styles such as haiku and tanka (ancient 31-syllable poetic form). Another distinctive point is that a lot of underground rappers focus their songs on political events such as the September 11 attacks in the US, the war in Iraq, and Japanese education system reform. Her UROP includes two very interesting aspects: researching information on hip-hop and making website for her lab, HyperStudio. Her supervisor, Professor Condry, has just finished writing a book on Japanese hip-hop, and she is now doing some further research for him. Although the book is far from being published, she highly recommends taking a look at it when it comes out. The second aspect of her job is creating a MetaMedia website that will contain various media for use by MIT faculty and students. With the help of other people in Hyperstudio, which is a media studio jointly sponsored by the FLL Department and Comparative Media Studies, she is helping to lay the foundation for this potentially very useful database. In order to do this, she is currently preparing some of the translated videos and songs that will serve as examples for the points made in Professor Condrys book. Ideally, this website will also be used as a resource for Professor Condrys Japanese Culture classes. To see some sample videos, visit his website at www.iancondry.com. Anna really enjoys her unique UROP, especially learning little random facts about Japanese culture. She likes the flexibility of working on her UROP from home and has the added bonus of shocking people in the lounge by blasting Japanese rap from her laptop while working. She is also particularly proud that her professor has a picture of himself with Snoop Dogg in his office. How many other people can make that claim? Outside of class, Anna plays a ton of intramural soccer (shes lost count of how many teams shes on) and she plays whenever she has the chance. She is also a Resident Associate Advisor at Next House, where she helps run a freshman seminar and tries to make freshmen as comfortable as possible. Her advice is to enjoy whatever you do. No matter where you end up, this is the only thing that in the end you will really wish you had done in college. Clearly, she is following her advice by participating in such a one-of-a-kind UROP! Note: The picture was taken from www.japantoday.com/dbfiles/feature/rap.54.jpg

Injustices In A Good Man Is Hard To Find - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1596 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay Did you like this example? A Literary Analysis of Injustices in A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery OConnorrs A Good Man is Hard to Find is a tragic short story that was first published in 1953 and revolves around a single family comprised of a mother, a father, three children, and a grandmother. The family decides to travel to Florida for vacation despite the grandmotherrs claims that an ex-convict by the name Misfit was headed in the same direction. On their way to Florida, the grandmother thinks they are near a plantation house that she remembers from as a young lady.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Injustices In A Good Man Is Hard To Find" essay for you Create order After a bit of persuasion and deceit, the grandmother convinces her son Bailey to drive them there to see it. The grandmother soon realizes, however, that she is mistaken as to the location of the plantation house but decides not to tell the rest of the family her error. The grandmotherrs cat, that she snuck onto the road-trip without telling anyone, gets out of the basket and frightens Bailey so much that he crashes the car. Luckily, no one in the car suffers any injuries. Unfortunately, the Misfit and his two henchmen show up at the scene of the crash and gun down the entire family. In this essay, the injustices of murder, unjust prosecution, and violence in society, as they occur in this short story, will be analyzed. The Misfit orders Bobby Lee and Hiram to murder the parents and three children. Well, first you and Bobby Lee get him and that little boy to step over yonder with you There was a pistol shot from the woods, followed closely by another, (OConnor 24). The children and their parents are ultimately shot to death by Bobby Lee and Hiram for no particular reason. Bobby Lee and Hiram carry out these murders, ordered by the Misfit, without question or hesitation. The men perform these heinous acts casually and with no signs of remorse. No one in the family ever attempts to harm these men. Initially, the family thought that the Misfit and his friends would help rescue them after they crashed their car. To the familyrs surprise, the men exit their vehicle carrying guns and the grandmother immediately identifies one of the men as the Misfit. From what the grandmother says at the beginning of the story, it is clear that she fears the Misfit and is aware of the terrible crimes he has committed against other people (Bandy). Bobby Lee and Hiram commit murder, perhaps the greatest injustice of all, when they execute the three children and their parents. In the end, the Misfit murders the grandmother. She reached out and touched him on the shoulder. The Misfit sprang back as if a snake had bitten him and shot her three times through the chest, (OConnor 32). The Misfit guns down the grandmother despite her desperate pleas to spare her life. She listens to the Misfitrs complaints about injustice and religion. She even suggests that prayer may hold the solution to his troubles. She tells him that he is a good man and that she was sure that he comes from nice people. The grandmother, despite her terror, tries desperately to convince the Misfit that he has goodness inside of himself despite being a convicted murderer. She continues to praise him even though he has ordered the murder of her entire family. When she sees that the Misfitrs face is twisted and that he is about to cry, she reaches out to touch him. I n a final attempt to extract mercy from the Misfit, the grandmother identifies him as one of her own children (Bandy). Ultimately, the Misfit murders the grandmother despite her pleas for mercy and words of encouragement. The Misfitrs reaction to the grandmotherrs pleas for mercy is inhumane and unjust. The Misfit claims that he was wrongly convicted and imprisoned for the murder of his own father. My daddy died in the nineteen ought nineteen of the epidemic flu, and I never had a thing to do with it, (OConnor 28). From what the Misfit tells the grandmother, it is clear that he believes that he was wrongly convicted. He mentions that he is unable to recall if he really committed the crime that he was accused of. Furthermore, the Misfit was only told by the doctor at the penitentiary that he killed his father; he was not given any proof or evidence that he committed the crime (Shmoop Editorial Team). In a judicial setting, one can only be convicted after the evidence has been provided and proven to be true. The Misfit claims that his father died of epidemic flu and there is no way that he could have caused that. If the Misfitrs claims are true, then an unjust act was committed against him by those held responsible for enforcing justice in our society. The Misfit also claims that he was held in custody without being shown any proof that he had committed a crime. they could prove I had committed one because they had the papers on me They never shown me my papers, (OConnor 30). He was only told his offense by word of mouth in the hospital by the psychiatrist. The Misfit has the right to be shown the evidence that upholds his conviction in order to realize that his punishment is fitting for his crime. Doling out a punishment that exceeds the nature of the crime committed is an injustice (Flint). The judge is expected to provide the suspect with all the information and an explanation of why they are being detained. The Misfit claims that he was denied this right. If the Misfitrs claims are true, then the judge committed an act of injustice by convicting him without providing adequate information regarding his crime. Violence and injustice are an ever-present threat in our society. Seen a man burnt alive oncet I even seen a woman flogged I found out the crime dont matter, (OConnor 27 29). The Misfit mentions that he has witnessed acts of injustice carried out upon other people. He once witnessed a man being burned alive and a woman being beaten but never mentions the crimes for which they were accused. From these two examples, it is clear that there are injustices in society pertaining to crime and punishment (Flint). When the story begins, the grandmother is afraid of going to Florida because she believes that it is unsafe due to the alleged presence of the Misfit. Also, the wife of the owner of the Tower is scared that the Misfit may attack their restaurant. It is clear, in this story, that members of society lack feelings of security and safety due to the actions of violent injustices that occur to seemingly innocent people. The Misfitrs techniques of seeking justice are unjust in themselves. then its nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the best way you can by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. No pleasure but meanness. (OConnor 31). The Misfit chooses to enjoy his time as a free man by committing evil and heinous crimes. He seems to take pride in the fact that he has spent his time killing people and burning their houses down since he escaped from the penitentiary. Despite claiming to be innocent of the crime he was arrested for, he freely admits to orchestrating and committing terrible acts toward other people. By seeking his own justice through violence toward others, the Misfit commits acts of injustice (Peck). It is clear that the Misfit does not feel any guilt from his unjust actions. Furthermore, he mentions that he has realized that the crime does not matter. The Misfit is misguided in his attempt to seek justice for his own wrongful conviction. The Misfit uses unjust actions to seek justice for what he claims to be a wrongful conviction. This essay provides a literary analysis of the unjust acts in Flannery OConnorrs short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find. Several examples of injustice have been names a nd analyzed. The injustices in this essay include the murder of an entire family, the injustices in society such as burning a human being alive, the wrongful conviction of the Misfit, and the Misfitrs unjust actions in his quest for his own personal justice. This short story gives examples of injustices that may occur in modern-day society which must be avoided in order to maintain feelings of safety and security amongst members of the population. Works Cited OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man Is Hard To Find And Other Stories. pp. 5 32, https://m.learning.hccs.edu/faculty/desmond.lewis/inrw-0420/a-good-man-is-hard-to-find/A%20Good%20Man%20Is%20Hard%20To%20Find.pdf. Accessed 6 Nov. 2018. Bandy, Stephen C. One of my babies: the misfit and the grandmother. Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 33, no. 1, 1996, p. 107+. Academic OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com.cmsmir.clevelandstatecc.edu/apps/doc/A19638483/AONE?u=tel_a_clsccsid=AONExid=9f45db0c. Accessed 6 Nov. 2018. Shmoop Editorial Team. The Misfit in A Good Man Is Hard to Find. Shmoop, Shmoop University, 11 Nov. 2008, www.shmoop.com/good-man-hard-to-find/the-misfit.html. Flint, Thomas P. ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CIVIL WAR REFERENCES IN FLANNERY OCONNORS A GOOD MAN IS HARD TO FIND. Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature, vol. 70, no. 2, 2018, p. 119+. Literature Resource Center, https://link.galegroup.com.cmsmir.clevelandstatecc.edu/apps/doc/A546217554/LitRC?u=tel_a_clsccsid=LitRCxid=8c10a060. Accessed 6 Nov. 2018. Peck, M. Scott. People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil. Simon and Schuster, 1983.

Narrative Essay - Original Writing - 4539 Words

Prologue†¦ So this is my life, some say my name should’ve changed but I think not. My mother as a little girl was named Djeserit and in turn I had gotten Isis. When I was born, life was different as my mother and father were egyptians so in turn, I was egyptian but we were royals, so we were the rulers of Egypt. We could have anything we could imagine, it was nice and fantabulous. Then there was the one evening before my father’s Ka left him and we were rushed in to see him because the news had arrived so late at the palace. We were crying so hard but I hadn’t known what was really happening till much later. My mother didn’t want him to go as she had said something about marrying and death, since I’m now 16 and soon of marrying age, but†¦show more content†¦Soon when I was well, I would walk around, read and then I started back to my studies to learn the ways of a queen, while a boy my age would become my husband, or in a sense, the Pharaoh of Egypt. *2 years past by, Isis has already began to rule as queen and the Pharaoh has risen to power.* â€Å"Hello, my great majesties.† â€Å"Hello Simba, what do you have for us today?† â€Å"Well if it was alright with pharaoh ,I would appreciate it if I was allowed to speak with the queen?† â€Å"Yes, as you may.† â€Å"Thank you sire.† *Pharaoh leaves with servants and his scribe trailing behind him, so that he may give space for his beloved queen and the royal messenger.* Your majesty, I don’t know how I can say this but†¦ this might be hard to understand†¦ his majesty doesn’t love you. He despises you and wants you dead so that he can marry his only beloved Ashka.† â€Å"We still have time to flee for safety, as I had created a spell key that can teleport us to the future.† â€Å"HOW LONG HAVE YOU KNOWN ABOUT THIS?!† â€Å"Please, I beg of you, quiet down, if he knows what I know, i’ll be suffering.† â€Å"Alright, when will we flee?† â€Å"Tonight, we have to, his majes ty is planning a celebration of your death, but he’s saying it’s for the hard work of all our workers. When you are with him, do NOT EVER LEAVE his side. He’s planning on giving you duties, so that he may pour poisonShow MoreRelatedNarrative Essay - Original Writing1733 Words   |  7 Pages When I had laid the last of the bricks I took a step back to admire my handy work. Still silent in the catacombs, I knew I should be leaving before Fortunato awakes. I began my journey through the endless tunnels of corpses and adorning tombs. I could smell the lingering fragrance of death in the damp air as I stumbled along the dark, uneven pathway. I soon became overwhelmed with the feeling of exhaustion. I began to yell, â€Å"Help, can anyone hear me?† The deafening silence reminded me of a fateRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1643 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative I was about ten years old when this happened. It was in the fall of fifth grade, and I had just gotten settled into the new school year. My dad was deployed to Kuwait, and so for the time being it was just my mom, my brother, and I. He had been deployed previously, so I was used to him being away for months at a time. One thing that helped me get through the times he was deployed was my school who offered a special class called TDY on Friday mornings before the bell rang. TDY (TemporaryRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1505 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative Essay on different levels. The doctor would meticulously watch our actions then jot it down into his documents. After the exam was completed, we were instructed to stand in two even parallel lines and wait Three summers ago, I proudly graduated from Samuel Fels High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Graduating from High School was one of the happiest and memorable moments in my life. I was puffed up with pride as I walked down the aisle to accept my high school diploma. I hadRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1435 Words   |  6 PagesRei, Rei! My little sister shrieks. Her piercing scream reaches me when I get to my house front door. The family room darkens; the air thickens. Without thinking I sprint to her room, but her door is locked. Since when did she get a lock on her door?! Rei! Shelly cries out. Shelly it s okay, I ll save you! I throw my body against the door, but stop when a laugh that always gives me nightmares, rings in my ear. I look to my right, and as I do the house molds into the Hammerhead s menRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesAdrian Box 9/24/2015 Narrative Essay ENGL 1010-09 - Disbelief, fear, and disappointment filled my mind as I sat in the driver s car seat tilted back, the smell of smoke and dirt was all I could comprehend. The drivers floorboard and dashboard met with my feet wedged in between being crushed. It did not hurt, my body was numb. My mind was running wild. What just happened to me? In the distance, on that straight, two-way, narrowed road, I saw cars and trucks driving by completely oblivious of howRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing2052 Words   |  9 Pageswritten in months, making excuses and procrastinating, she finally sat down to end her guilt for ignoring her only current connection with the outside world. Writing had always been a hobby she could count on to help her find serenity, but serenity was all around her these days, so it had been easy to put her writing duties on hold. Now her writing was helping her to put things into perspective, things she wanted to understand but had no clue how to get a grasp on, especially the changes that were occurringRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1148 Words   |  5 PagesNarrative â€Å"Here Maya, as long as you wear this I’ll always be with you,† my dad said as he clipped a small bow into my hair. â€Å"I can’t believe tomorrow will be your first birthday, and I have to miss it. I love you more than the world baby girl.† He kissed my forehead as he lowered me into the crib. â€Å"Daddy don’t go, please!† I begged him, â€Å"I’m going to miss you so much.† â€Å"Munchkin I have to go, I’ll only be gone 2 days and it’ll fly by so fast that when I come home you’ll think I never left.†He huggedRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing939 Words   |  4 PagesAs the light shines through the window of the wooden cabin, I sit up and stretch my aching back; I the smell of moist wood fills the air, and then I remember that it is time to work on the field. As I walk out of the cabin I see my friends. â€Å"Good morning Amara, good morning Quan,† â€Å"Good morning Yelmima,† they replied. â€Å"Are you ready for your big day today?† Quan winked as he said it. â€Å"Yeah, † â€Å"We’ll miss you,† Amara said. â€Å"I will say my final goodbyes before I leave,† I reassured them. AsRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1053 Words   |  5 PagesIt waits, concealed behind the fragments of carefree moments that crop up from time to time. It ebbs, the emotional tide before the mind’s storm. It strikes, leaving its victim motionless and defenseless and forever beneath its control. The dread, being stuck in a rut, is difficult to escape from. Perhaps I should settle for what is reality— probably forever impoverished, despondent, or a mindless drone for the man—and continue on the trail. However, when I’m stuck facing the corner, all I noticeRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing889 Words   |  4 PagesBY THE TIME CLIVE finally settled down and stopped his cat screaming, I was thoroughly exhausted and wide awake. I had to get up in one more hour anyway, and I realized I’d already gotten whatever sleep I was going to get. I might as well get up and make some breakfast. â€Å"Stupid meower,† I said, addressing the wall behind my head, and I padded out into the living room. After switching on the TV, I turned on the coffee maker and studied the pre-dawn light just starting to peek in my windows. Clive

Alcohol Prevention Free Essays

There is a rich body of literature that deals with intervention approaches for the large population that have problems with alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse appears to be a grave situation, considering the huge number of adolescents who have a problem with alcohol and substance abuse. Thus, â€Å"[i]n 2002, an estimated 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Prevention or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7 million American youths, 28.8% of total youths 12–20 years old, were current drinkers† (Society for the Study of Addiction, 2004). The gravity of the problem is underscored by the huge part of the statistics to belong to binge and heavy drinkers. The â€Å"US National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2002† estimated that 7.2 million adolescents are binge drinkers, while 2.3 million adolescents are heavy drinkers. Heavy drinkers are those who consumed more than four drinks in five different days in the past 30 days. The staggering figures lead to the conclusion that there is serious public health problem among the youth with respect to their alcohol consumption. This problem extends to serious behavioral disorders resulting from alcohol consumption, such as alcoholism. The problem is even more serious because disorders that are related to alcohol abuse are likely to become â€Å"chronic and to persist into adulthood† (Society for the Study of Addiction, 2004). The problem with adolescent alcohol abuse has led to the development of various treatments, both in the private and public healthcare systems. These treatments often range from adolescent to adult care. However, treatment cares often result in relapse in 50-70 percent of affected adolescents. Therefore, there is a need for systematic approaches that are tailored to meet the specific needs and limitations of the target population, which is the youth (Society for the Study of Addiction, 2004). Treatments require appropriate diagnostic criteria in assessing alcohol use patterns of adolescents. For example, current drinkers may be determined by using the criterion that the person â€Å"consumed at least one drink in the past 30 days† (Society for the Study of Addiction, 2004). Moreover, there is a need to develop a framework within which â€Å"alcohol-related pathology† could be accounted for in the adolescent stage of a person’s life (Society for the Study of Addiction, 2004). The literature on the subject also has a huge space for the role of support groups in the prevention and therapy for people who have problems with alcohol abuse. Literature Review The article entitled Society for the Study of Addiction (2004) cites Liddle (2004), who reviewed therapies involving the family of the adolescent who has problems in alcohol and drug abuse. There are suggestions to develop   â€Å"adolescent focused, family-based therapies for substance abuse† (Society for the Study of Addiction, 2004). Family-based therapies are believed to be effective for the helpful recovery of alcohol-dependent adolescent. Family-based therapies often analyze â€Å"videotaped in-therapy sessions.† Such records help in the identification of problems and issues, and serve as bases for change and treatment (Society for the Study of Addiction, 2004). This article is useful because it points out how important it is to first determine the extent of the problem before attempting to solve it. In the case of alcoholic adolescents, there is a need to first know the needs and limitations of each person and proceed from there. Intervention strategies, such as family-based therapies, should factor in such details in order to be effective. Videotaped therapy sessions are also helpful because they allow all stakeholders, such as the alcohol-dependent person, his family, and the therapist, to have a clear perspective of the situation, through observation from a different angle. Finally, family members could be effective in helping adolescent alcohol dependents by providing moral support. Another article focuses on the â€Å"pragmatic aspect of the therapeutic process taking place† in the weekly-held meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous. It also discusses how the fellowship had grown into a worldwide phenomenon since its inception in the 1930s (Arminen, 1998). Alcoholics Anonymous, which is described as a â€Å"therapeutic fellowship for those who are prone to addictions and over consumption of alcohol and other substances† (Arminen, 1998), encourages therapy through situated interaction. It’s motto is â€Å"one day at a time†, which emphasizes that the attainment of sobriety is uncertain, but reachable (Arminen, 1998). Analysis of the style of sharing implemented in meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous led to the observation that speakers refer to speakers in previous meetings to show how the speakers are aligned. Moreover, this style has significant value as social devices that maintain the fragile relationship between members (Arminen, 1998). This article is useful in showing effective methods of dealing with alcoholism as a group, rather than as individuals. It shows how a method that deals with the problem one day at a time could achieve results. Furthermore, this article points out how Alcoholics Anonymous uses social devices to meet the goal of addressing alcoholism. Another article on the subject was written by Linsky in 1970 – 1971. It is an exposition of the public’s views on alcoholism, as manifested by themes of articles and images featured in popular magazines. Generally, alcoholism was viewed as a form of social deviance. However, in the twentieth century, society’s views on alcoholics were redefined. The article notes that changes in society’s views on alcoholism also influenced the treatment options available to alcoholics (Linsky, 1970-1971). How to cite Alcohol Prevention, Papers

Factors contributing to a successful marriage in early adulthood free essay sample

Marriage is defined as the emotional and legal commitment of two people who share economic resources, physical and emotional intimacy (Olson DeFrain, 2006). Marriage is an indication of commitment with an expression of closeness and mutual support (Saxton, 1996). According to Boyd Bee (2013), married adults live longer and happier with lower rate of psychiatric problems than single adults. It is because married adults lead a healthier lifestyle as single men typically more engage in the risky behavior such as smoking, drinking and drug use. According to Lauer (2012), marriage is also good for men in career development. They can focus more on their careers, as they know that their wives will look after the daily chores such as their meal, laundry and childcare. Moreover, married couples also accumulate more financial wealth by combining income and more responsible in their spending because two people are involved in the decision about spending (Olson, 2006). According to Lauer (2012), men need to be married more than women. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors contributing to a successful marriage in early adulthood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, women have a higher drive to marry than men. All of the above show that a successful marriage is important and beneficial in adult development. What is a successful marriage? According to Cox (1990), in a successful marriage, partners have reached agreement for adjustment on most issues of importance for the relationship. Also, they are able to work together to solve most of the problems with mutual understanding and support. Each partner expresses satisfaction and happiness in the intimate relationship. Therefore I would like to discuss the three main factors contributing to a successful marriage, which are 1) intimacy; 2) communication; and 3) marital adjustment. Intimacy In Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, an individual must resolve a crisis at each of the eight different stages of development successfully to achieve a healthy personality. In Erikson’s adulthood stages (Intimacy versus isolation), he defines ‘intimacy’ as an ability to fuse your identity with someone without fear that you would be going to lose something yourself. The  resolution of intimacy versus isolation is depending on the resolution of identity versus role confusion crisis. This means that it is difficult for adults whose identities are weak to develop intimacy in a relationship. They will remain in shallow relationships and experience a sense of loneliness. On the other hand, for adults with clear identity, they are more likely to have a successful fusion of identities, which we called â€Å"intimacy† (Boyd Bee, 2013). Rotenberg, Schaut OConnor (1993) stated that identity achievement is necessary for intimacy and so for marital success. There are gender differences in identity achievement. In men, identity achievement can be gained in different intrapersonal domains such as occupation and ideological belief. Besides, women are more likely to develop their identities achievement in interpersonal domains such as building up relationships. It is found that women learn intimate behavior in friendship with their female friends first and then socialize with their male friends. As a result, it is usually for girls to teach boys how to develop an intimate relationship (White, Speisman, Jackson, Bartis Costos, 1986). Therefore, we observed that men who are successful in their career development have a higher tendency to marry and are easier to make marital adjustment to achieve successful marriage. For those women who have close same sex friends, they tend to be more successful to maintain an intimate relationship with husbands. According to Saxton (1996), ‘intimacy’ is defined as feeling close to each other both emotionally or physically. Intimacy is closely related to the type of attachment style during childhood. Children with secure attachment style should be more mature and more comfortable to develop intimacy in adulthood. They are able to trust and depend on their partners. For children with ambivalent attachment style, they may be developed into adults who are unable to trust intimate relationships and often fear of being abandoned. They usually can only keep a short-lived intimate relationship. Besides, children with avoidant attachment style may be more likely to develop into adults who are uncomfortable with intimacy. They would feel difficult to depend on others and avoid forming a close relationship. Although our intimacy is closely related to the attachment style in childhood, our security of attachment can be changed continuously in our life span. We can develop a secure attachment with our partners when they are more caring, sensitive to our needs and willing to have marital adjustment to build up a more successful marriage. Communication â€Å"Satisfying communication is so crucial because it facilitates the growth of both marital satisfaction and intimacy† (Lauer, 2012, p.206). It is important to have open communication and agreement on the expression of affection to achieve marital satisfaction (Rosen-Grandon, Myers Hattie, 2004). According to Saxton (1996), the quality of marital communication can be evaulated in terms of the following ways: 1) Do couples send or receive communication accurately? 2) Are the communication between couples pleasing and reinforcing or displeasing and punishing ? 3) Do the couples share information which can enhance or break the intimacy, understanding, respect, affection and love? Does the communication helps or hinders their ability to solve the problem and meet mutual expectations and needs? For distressed couples, they have the tendency to exhibit negative reciprocity (negative message such as complain, threats and criticism are followed by negative message from the other person). This will produce destructive escalation of conflict and affect the marital satisfaction. In contrast, happy couples would limit the escalation by not returning the negative message. They are more likely to look for the solution for the conflict that cause the problem. Moreover, negative verbal or non-verbal communication between married couples, such as crticizing and blaming or slamming the door and leaving the room, would have a destructive impact on the overall relationship. The reason for such adverse impact is that criticizing one’s partner can create resentment and frustration which will further decrease partner’s motivation to satisfy one’s needs in the future. By contrast, positive communication can motivate partners to response to the unmet needs in a more positive way so as to fullfill the intimacy needs in the future and eventually enhance the marital satisfaction (Kirby, Baucom Peterman, 2005). Self-disclosure is crucial in communication, which is correlated of love, trust and understanding. â€Å"Self-disclosure is related to feelings of intimacy through individuals’ feelings that their partner is being responsive to them† (Laurenceau, Barrett Pietromonaco, 1998). People usually don’t reveal their innermost  or deepest thoughts and feeling until they feel it is safe and the person that they talk with are trustworthy to them. Women are more open and self-disclosing than men. It maybe related to our culture that girls and women have been traditionally encouraged to share their feelings. On the other hands, boys or men were expected to hide their emotions in tradition. Women emphasize more on talking and emotional sharing in their relationships while men focus on shared activities and narrow their conversation on sports, politics, money and sex (Saxton ,1996). Men feel comfortable to talk about their strengths and seldom talk about their weakness. Men are less able to understand the perspective of their partner than women do (White, Speisman, Jackson, Bartis Costos, 1986). Women are comfortable to talk about their own fears, weakness and shortcoming. Although there are gender differences in communication styles, couples in successful marriage are usually more willing to self-disclose themselves and learn to communicate their differing needs to each other. They have more constructive conversation with the ability to manage conflicts. Sometimes by overcoming those conflicts can helps them to have better understanding with each other and enhance their intimacy and marital satisfaction. Marital adjustment To get married is to enter a new social world. Couples have to adjust physically and psychologically when they live together after marriage. They have to adjust for the new relationships, responsibilities and living style. Marital adjustment is defined as the process in which an individual or a married couple modifies, adopts or changes their behavior pattern and interaction to gain the maximum satisfaction in their relationship (Ghoroghi, Hassan, Baba, 2012). Individuals who are more mature in intimate marital relationship are more willing to make adjustment for the good of the relationship. According to Lauer (2012), men are more satisfied with their marriages than women and they seems get greater mental health benefits from marriage than women. In today’s society, it is true that women have to make more adjustments in marriage than men. For examples they have to suspend or quit their job for childbearing. Also in the Chinese culture, wives have more responsibilities in doing housework than men do. Women will be more willing to adjust in their marriages if their husbands show intimacy maturity. Men who have achieved higher level of maturity in their intimate relationship are more adjust in the relationship. They are more willing to scarify, have more tolerance and see more consensus in the relationship (White, Speisman, Jackson, Bartis Costos, 1986). Adjustment is the personal change for the purpose fulfilling the needs of partners in marriage so as to build up a mutual satisfying intimate relationship. Couples who share similar relationship standards (individual’s beliefs about the qualities of an intimate relationship) can help to maximize the harmony in the relationship. They may influence each other’s beliefs about desirable characteristics for an intimate relationship, which foster more similar standard for greater marital satisfaction (Chi, Epstein, Fang, Lam Li, 2013). This concept is similar to the homogamous marriage, in which ‘like marries like’. That means couples with common race, religion, socioeconomic and intellectual background, will feel more confortable to be together and most likely to endure the intimate relationship. It is because they are more likely to have similar level of maturity in intimacy and easier in marital adjustment (White, Speisman, Jackson, Bartis Costos, 1986) On the other hand, adjustment in some marriages is more difficult because they begin at a disadvantage. For examples, couples with the financial problem and lack of maturity to cope with changes after marriage. Couples from a very different family background (not homogamous), there are many adjustments need to make. The woman who is pregnant at the time of marriage, there is an additional adjustment of becoming parents. The point is that, even under the best circumstances, adjustment is required in learning to live intimately with another person. It is more difficult or more adjustments need to be made if the couple begins with disadvantages as well as challenges. Conclusion Marriage is the most intimate of all human interactions. It is one of the important milestones in our lifespan. It can bring both great joy and terrible pain. A successful marriage can be a valuable resource during difficult time. To maintain a successful marriage is not always easy. If you had a happy family life when you were growing up, you should feel fortunate because such experience provides an important foundation and model for developing a happy marriage of your own. It will be more easy and comfortable for you to have self-disclosure and develop an intimate relationship with your loved one. If you grew up i a troublesome family, it  will be more difficult for you to build a successful marriage, but it will be possible. Countless individuals have transcended adverse family experiences and created healthy, intimate and successful marriage for themselves and their loved one. In the Chinese culture, marriage is not only two people’s business; it also includes two families of origin. Couples have to be more devoted in marital adjustment to manage the interaction and cultural conflicts between two different families. Although there are gender differences, we can accommodate and adjust ourselves and learn the strength from each other. Through positive and constructive communication, we can share our values and intimate standard with each other so as to minimize the gender differences and maximize the harmonies in the marriage. Marriage is not just a happy moment in the wedding ceremony, maintaining a successful marriage is a life-long commitment and career. We have to embrace each other with love, care, respect and understanding. With supportive and intimate relationship, we are empowered to overcome obstacles in the long journey of marriage.

Lululemon Business Strategy Essay Essay Example

Lululemon Business Strategy Essay Essay Lululemon was founded by Chip Wilson who took a commercial yoga category in Vancouver and was instantly drawn in to the construct. After passing many old ages in the breaker. skate. and snowboarding concern. he found yoga was performed utilizing cotton vesture and this seemed inappropriate because it neither removed perspiration adequately nor did it let for maximal flexibleness. Given his passion and expertness in proficient athletic cloths. he began a motion in yoga vesture where he relied on feedback from yoga teachers to optimise his dress. Lululemon was founded in 1998 to run into these ends. It opened its first shop in November 2000 in Kitsilano. a beach country of Vancouver BC. Beyond acquiring feedback from teachers on how to better the public presentation of the dress. the house sought to move as a community hub where people can interact and portion the physical and mental facets of holding a healthy life style. We will write a custom essay sample on Lululemon Business Strategy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lululemon Business Strategy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lululemon Business Strategy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1. What are the cardinal elements of the scheme that Lululemon is prosecuting? What generic scheme best tantrums Lululemon’s scheme? The five cardinal elements are: Turn the company shop base in North America The strategic aim was to add new shops to beef up the company’s presence and so tap into new geographical markets in the Canada and US Increase trade name consciousness Leveraging the promotion environing. the gap of new shops with grass roots marketing plans. This included forming events and partnering with local fittingness managers. Introduce new merchandise engineerings Continue to concentrate on developing and offering merchandises that incorporate engineering enhanced cloths. and public presentation characteristics that differentiate Lululemon for its rival and increase its client base. Broaden the entreaty of Lululemon merchandises This is divided in 3 subdivisions1. Adding work forces apparel to the line2. Expanding to merchandise class to points such as athletic bags. unmentionables. sandals. outerwear 3. Adding merchandises suited extra athleticss and athletic activities Expand beyond North America Expand their presence in Australia and Japan. Then finally prosecute the Asian and European markets that offer similar. attractive demographics. Distinctive shopping expericanceSupply a typical in-store shopping experience. complemented by strong ties to fitness teachers. fittingness constitutions and community events The two biggest strategic accommodations since 2007 had been to drawback from the usage of franchising and sell straight to the consumers through the company web site. Lululemon fits itself in a differentiated niche scheme 2. Is Lululemon’s scheme effectual? Let’s expression at the following to find if the scheme is effectual for Lululemon The house presently has three sections: Corporate-Owned Shops The corporate-owned shops section includes all gross revenues to clients through corporate-owned shops in North America and Australia. This section is by far Lululemon’s largest gross base and will go on to be successful as Lululemon looks to spread out its base in 2012 by opening 30 shops in the United States and 2 Ivivva Athletica shops in Canada. Direct To Consumers The Direct to Consumers section involves Lululemon’s e-commerce web site. Which is 10. 6 % of gross ( 2011 ) comes from this section. The thought buttocks is to switch from brick-and-mortar shops to online channels. Lululemon’s committedness to increasing its presence in e-commerce will assist the company spread out its client base and better trade name consciousness. Franchise While antecedently franchise gross revenues were portion of their scheme. the company reported that it will no longer partake in the concern and that it had reacquired its four staying franchise shops during financial 2011. SWOT Analysis StrengthTrademarked clothsCommunity engagement – offered free yoga category on monthly footing Employee preparationInventionStyle/comfortMultiple green enterprisesQuality – merchandises designed to prolong 5 old ages of intended usage while keeping functional Brand individualityFailingHigh retail monetary valueNarrow merchandise lineQuality control/supply concatenationSelling targeted to largely yoga instructors/studiosLoss of client service with increased graduated tableWeak trade name acknowledgmentLack of aiming to work forcesOpportunityExpand merchandise lineServe extra market sectionsExpand into extra geographic marketsIncreased demand in athletic dressFitness fadMenacesIncreased competition from current big participants in the market Copy catsEconomyNew entrantsHazard of banking on niche markets Lululemon merely went public five old ages ago and have non entered any new industries ( concentrating largely in the fittingness dress industry ) . They have done some corporate restructuring shortly after the company was formed. Lululemon entered into franchise understandings and so a joint venture. The thought behind this was based on turning the trade name to run into consumer demand while conserving fiscal resources. This was a really effectual scheme and served Lululemon good in set uping themselves as a transnational company. assisting to construct on economic systems of range. increasing trade name consciousness and edifice a larger client base. In 2011. Lululemon eventually repurchased all the franchise organisations and now all of their shops are corporate owned. The ultimate motivation for shuting out the franchise concern was to continue and keep control over stigmatization and concentrate more on e-commerce. We believe this scheme will work good for Lululemon as it prese rves its trade name image / competitory advantage and remaining competitory in the online market every bit good. 3. Top Key Issues confronting the company needs to concentrate on are: The analysis shows us that the retail dress industry is competitory with really low barriers to entry. Lululemon’s success will pull new rivals to the industry and attract involvement from bing rivals. Ultimately. this is a competitory industry with limited barriers to entry. The athletic dress industry is really competitory. with good capitalized challengers such as Nike and Gap. Inc. Lululemon has limited rational belongings in respects to its public presentation cloths and fabrication procedures. therefore the quality and invention constituents of scheme could easy be replicated. Lululemon’s self reenforcing activities. such as mark client base. tailored merchandises and community based selling attack make it really disputing for bing retail merchants to dispute Lululemon in its market from their ain shop bases. However. there are limited barriers to entry in this industry and Lululemon should anticipate new competition to seek to copy its format This analysis brings us to issues the company is / could confront: Increasing CompetitionDespite busying a alone niche within the athletic dress industry. Lululemon has late gained rivals in recent old ages. I. e. Large companies with big market capitals such as Nike. Adidas. and Under Armor have dominated the athletic dress industry and maintain deriving more land. With the exclusion of a committedness to making advanced merchandises in dress. these enterprises are in contrast to Lululemon. In order to market its merchandises. Lululemon wholly shuns off from print or media advertisement and alternatively focal points on choosing embassadors within carefully selected markets. As a consequence. it’s possible for Lululemon’s rivals to accomplish and keep trade name consciousness and market portion more rapidly Narrow focal point Lululemon is targeted towards sophisticated and educated adult females who understand importance of active. healthy life style. Under-Armor. Nike. and Adidas are targeted towards work forces and adult females of all ages. New Menaces Apart from the large name athletic dress makers. rivals such as Gap’s Athleta trade name. Lucy Activewear Inc. and Bebe Stores’ BEBE SPORT aggregation have emerged as rivals to Lululemon. Price Point and Manufacturing In visible radiation of the new and old rivals. Lululemon could be forced to sell their merchandises at lower monetary value therefore cut downing borders. Plus Lululemon does non have sole rational belongings rights to the engineering for its merchandises. This makes it easier for current and future rivals to fabricate and sell merchandises with similar public presentation capablenesss and styling. Cross-country differences in demographic. cultural and market conditions. Buyer tastes for a peculiar merchandise or service sometimes differ well from state to state. Sometimes. merchandise designs suited in one state are inappropriate in another because of differing local criterions. Lululemon is runing in an international market place and they have to wrestle with whether and how much to custom-make their merchandises in each different state market to fit the gustatory sensations and penchants of local purchasers or whether to prosecute a scheme of offering a largely standardised merchandise worldwide. For illustration. the vesture for adult females offered in the winter season will be different from Canada to Australia and vise versa. First. Australia gets barely any snow and while Canada on the other manus. gets majorly hit every winter. Therefore. the running cogwheel and the hoodies offered in both states will change because of the temperature and the clime. Making merchandises that are closely matched to local gustatory sensations make them more appealing to local purchasers. custom-making Lululemon’s merchandises state by state may hold the consequence of raising production and distribution costs due to the greater assortment of designs and constituents. shorter production tallies. and the complications of added stock list stigmatization and distribution logistics. The 2nd issue of multinational scheme incorporates elements of both a globalized and localized attack to scheme devising. This type of in-between land scheme is called for when there are comparatively high demands for local reactivity every bit good as appreciable benefits to be realized from standardisation. This scheme that Lululemon is seeking to use has its ain disadvantages. such as ; it is more complex and harder to implement. conflicting ends may be hard to accommodate and necessitate tradeoffs and execution more dearly-won and time-consuming. All major planetary companies employ the franchising scheme. With the franchising scheme. the franchisee bears most of the costs and hazards of set uping foreign locations ; while Lululemon would hold to use merely the resources to enroll. train. support. and proctor franchisees. The large job that Lululemon is confronting presently has to bear all costs of shops all around the universe. With this. they would hold to guarantee that they are supplying the merchandises at discounted costs but besides holding to supervise to guarantee that their criterion for shops and client service and experience is maintained. 4. Recommendations for direction to better public presentation / reference key issues The recommendations we have for direction is to better public presentation and turn to the cardinal issues. are using a think planetary and act local scheme ( Transnational ) . They need to guarantee that each state does hold the needed customizations because the demographics. cultural differences and market conditions vary from state to state. They need to guarantee that all their locations follow the same guidelines and client satisfaction guidelines like they have for their primary locations. Price point and Fabrication Lululemon does non have any rational belongings to the engineering of what processes their merchandises. In bend this makes it easy for rivals to copy their manner. Through analysis. a recommendation to work out this issue would be to patent their processing system. This would be good to the company in such ways as ; increasing monetary value points. which in bend additions overall net incomes. It will besides let for a higher competitory advantage. doing it hard for viing company’s to copy or copy their manner. Sponsor Events and Shows Lululemon should patronize some kind of events to derive promotion and increase trade name awareness. Such can be done by forming yoga events on a expansive graduated table or some kind of featuring event. Not as high graduated table as done by its rivals ( Nike sponsors the PGA Golf and Adidas patrons FIFA ) E. g. Lululemon could form a yoga event at the Metro Convention Hall. Toronto Expand in Asia and Europe The company should be after to heighten its European and Asia market. enrolling new direction endowment and originating an aggressive plan to regionalize this concern using a consistent trade name image throughout Europe and Asia. New Customers Lululemon should happen new clients base other than its niche market. A possible mark niche would be adding dress for golf and tennis into its shops. Action Plan to turn to issues and better public presentation The undermentioned action program is the recommended stairss we believe would be the appropriate attack to successfully finishing these recommendations. Appendix 1Value Chain Analysis Supply Chain Management45 different makers. no long-run contracts – can better quality control and lower costs by diminishing # and holding to contracts OperationssTighten review and confirmation procedures to guarantee another callback does non happen ( diaphanous bloomerss issue ) DistributionFacilities merely in Vancouver-BC. Sumner. Washington. and Melbourne. Australia Limits Company’s reach Growth in on-line gross revenues can countervail Sales/MarketingDepend on word of oral cavity and community based selling – can increase selling via media ( telecasting. magazines. etc. ) and other avenues

Rationalizing drug patent system - striking the balance between the pioneer drug manufacturers and the public interest The WritePass Journal

Rationalizing drug patent system - striking the balance between the pioneer drug manufacturers and the public interest Abstract: Rationalizing drug patent system striking the balance between the pioneer drug manufacturers and the public interest Abstract:1. Introduction2. Patent Protection for Drugs:2.1 Rationale2.2 Effects: Are generics at stake of malady of public health?3. Measures adopted to address the drug pricing problem4. WTO –TRIPS and Traditional Methods to the Address the Problem through Compulsory Licensure and Parallel Imports4.1 Misdirected innovation4.2 Me-too drugs4.3 â€Å"Deadweight losses†5. New Reward System for Pharmaceutical Innovation: Reward Contests as a Primer for Innovation5.1   The proposed reward system and its implementation: Generics a New stand5.2   Significances of the proposed system5.2.1 Better direction of research expenditures5.2.2 Elimination of â€Å"Deadweight Loss† (DWL)5.2.3 Efficient marketing5.3 Possible global implications of the proposed system6. Discussion and conclusionBibliographyRelated Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and drug markets functioning poorly because, system of patent does not effectively stimulate drug research and development. Instead, it is inducing large amounts of research into therapeutics with relatively low incremental therapeutic index, while providing inadequate incentives to innovate in some areas of great therapeutic value life saving drugs. As a result, patents lead to high prices which exclude many users from access to potentially life-saving drugs and anti-retroviral.In this essay, I supported to proposed novel reward system for pharmaceutical innovation, in which innovators are rewarded based on the incremental therapeutic outcomes of their innovation. This may align innovators’ incentives with social objectives i.e., public interest of affordable price of drugs and lead to the best possible allocation of RD investment. When rewards given directly to innovators, patents could be compulsorily licensed to enable competitive drug pricing, thus solving problems of drug access. Government expenditures on rewards could be largely derived through reduced expenditures on patented drugs, and pharmaceutical innovators could continue to earn a good return on their RD investments. 1. Introduction The patent system was designed to foster the research, development and cater the need of the society by using it for the public welfare. The members of the WTO have to follow the minimum standards of the intellectual property protection laid by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The WTO-TRIPS try to create a common platform for countries of different economic caliber to have a common trading platform. The idea is to provide all the essential products like drugs to be made available at an affordable price. In this assignment the first part deals with global efforts of international organizations and domestic legislations of developed nations to achieve the above purpose and the pharmaceutical lobby to curtail it. It also deals with the generic drugs and their availability .The latter part will also discuss the policy considerations, reforms and alternatives   to make the pharmaceutical patent system a more effective and strong structure by creating a striking balance between the interests of the brand drug pharmaceutical companies on one side and the public interest on the other side. 2. Patent Protection for Drugs: 2.1 Rationale General rationale for patent system comes in two forms. There is the argument of natural rights, where product (drugs) rights are seen as property rights owned to the companies that develop them. The protection is there to prevent other companies from free riding. The theoretical basis is strong, Consistent with Locke’s theory of labor and property rights, in an industry that is labor (intellectual labor) intensive, where generics can easily take the profit away from the companies that made the investment, the fruits of labor are entitled to strong property rights. The second and more pragmatic view is that such system enables pharmaceutical companies to recoup their investment in the RD of new drugs and therefore offers the right incentives for those manufactures to continue their innovation and investment. It is reasoned that such a policy will reap the maximum social benefits. The high cost of drug RD is real; United States has one of the most stringent FDA approval protocols, in order to ensure the safety and efficacy. The three clinical trials usually last between five and seven years. Less than one percent of all drugs make it to clinical trials and four percent of those make it to the market.[1] Therefore, the cost of one drug in the market also includes, and should include the RD costs for the several drugs that never made it to the market. U.S government in 1990 estimated that a new drug took ten to twelve years to come to market at a cost of $359M.[2] Such money and time commitment, it is argued, justifies the pharmaceutical companies’ need for a relatively long time of exclusive market monopoly to make some profits. 2.2 Effects: Are generics at stake of malady of public health? The generic medicine is what comes to market after the patent term expires.[3] Currently, this is the only legal way for consumers in most parts of the globe to get a medicine for a cheaper price. Because of the low price of generic medicines, they constitute only a small portion of the overall pharmaceutical revenue. In 1997, the dollar sales of branded drugs in the United States amounted to $71.8 billion, and 90% comes from brand name prescription drugs.[4]   Sooner the generic medicine comes into the market, greater the financial loss to the branded pharmaceutical companies. Therefore the RD pharmaceutical companies have employed a variety tactics to elongate their term of patent protection. At the same time, generic drugs are the saviors of some of the under developed nations in the world that are also burdened with the highest HIV infection rate. Without generic medicines coming to them sooner, the horrible situation there will get worse. 3. Measures adopted to address the drug pricing problem The issue of consumer access to generic drugs through the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984[5], (the Hatch-Waxman Act) was trying to do two things: it reduces the burden on generic drug companies in their effort to get FDA approval; and it compensates RD pharmaceutical companies for their time spent in the FDA approval process with more patent protection time. The Hatch-Waxman Act has not achieved its intended purpose, it has been reported that pharmaceutical companies have designed strategies to take unfair advantage of this act to maximize their profits. These strategies include applying for patents over a period of time that covers different aspects of a drug so that new patents become active as old patents expire.[6] It is extensively acknowledged that some patent legislation do serve remarkable public interest. The Orphan Drug Act[7] grants exclusivity to drugs that affect fewer than 200,000 people where pharmaceutical companies that develop them would otherwise not be able to realize a profit at all. The pediatric exclusivity clause of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 also uses patent protection to promote overall social benefits.[8] Similarly, the European Parliament gave a fillip to the Bolar-type exception by its 16 April 1996 resolution which supported the measure, albeit in a much narrower sense.[9] Specifically, European Community Directive 2001/83/EC on medicinal products for human use, provides for the Bolar-type exemption provisions.[10] This exception is particular relevance to generic drug manufacturers who wish seeking regulatory approval for their products, modeled on patented pharmaceuticals that are in their twilight. 4. WTO –TRIPS and Traditional Methods to the Address the Problem through Compulsory Licensure and Parallel Imports The context of access to life saving medicines in developing countries, the WTO Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Doha Declaration on Public Health[11] provides for special provisions ranging from parallel import, government use, to compulsory licensing, to facilitate and improve access to affordable life-saving drugs.[12] However, it has been noted that Article 31bis, the arrowhead of the new amendment to TRIPS, that is especially ratified to facilitate access to essential drugs by developing countries that have limited or no manufacturing capacity, is encumbered with administrative barriers that could hamper its effectiveness. Furthermore, the proliferation of bilateral trade agreements requiring stronger intellectual property protection than TRIPS does, are generally perceived as obstacle to the implementation of TRIPS’ flexibilities by developing countries.[13] With essence, even with exceptions to pharmaceutical patent exclusivity, the current patent system is by no means, weak, and there is an ample evidence of a causal link between the current system of stronger patent protection and higher pharmaceutical prices.[14] One major concern is proliferation of patented research tools, which can potentially up the costs of pharmaceutical RD.[15] The ambiguous and perennially shrinking scope of research or experimental use exception offers little space for unfettered use of patented research tools.[16] This arguably informed the recent report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Health (CIPIH) of the World Health Organization, urging developing countries to, inter alia; devise appropriate national legal frameworks to facilitate access to affordable prescription drugs.[17] This essay also reiterates, inter alia, the virtues of the rewards system, and open source approaches to pharmaceutical RD, with a view to easing p atents’ stranglehold on pharmaceuticals.[18] Other major issues of Patent Monopoly System and Pharmaceuticals 4.1 Misdirected innovation Since prices in pharmaceutical markets do not necessarily satisfy value to consumers, profits are not expected to be proportional to the social value of an innovation. There are four types of problems which arise here, which are. First, the pricing of branded (pioneer) drugs may bear no particular relationship to social value. Second, â€Å"me-too† drugs may be able to yield large profits even though they offer little or no therapeutic advantage over prior existed therapies. Third, firms may find it very profitable to develop minor modifications to their own prior existing drugs, as a sort of ever greening strategy. Fourth, profits from RD and showing new uses for non-patented compounds will be small and may not support investing in clinical trials to demonstrate efficacy. 4.2 Me-too drugs Many commentators have been very critical of what appears to be an accelerating number of â€Å"me-too† drugs (also called â€Å"follow-on† drugs). Me-too drugs are products which largely duplicate the action of existing drug. For example, there are now many â€Å"statins† to help fight cholesterol, and, as some commentators have observed, it is not evident that there is much social benefit from so much variety.[19] Me-too drugs can be precious in providing therapeutic choice, and perhaps also benefits from competition; but they also may harm the returns available to the break-through drug in a class by capturing market share[20]. It is arguable that firms have devoted an excessive share of innovative research into developing me-too drugs, which have relatively little incremental therapeutic value, but which harms the returns available to the first drug in the market. 4.3 â€Å"Deadweight losses† The current implemented patent system also causes substantial welfare losses because consumers who would buy the product if it were priced at somewhere nearer production cost do not buy it at the monopoly price.[21] The welfare loss caused by this is called the â€Å"deadweight loss† (DWL) of monopoly pricing, since there is a pure loss to society when consumers do not obtain a product which they value more than the cost of manufacturing it.[22] Using highly aggregated data, claim that the scale of deadweight loss in the US drug market is on the order of $3bn- $30bn annually; the same authors estimate deadweight losses of $5bn on $8bn of sales, which indicates very large DWL for the market overall.[23]   Globally, the DWL is clear, because in many markets, drug insurance is unavailable and so consumers are more price-sensitive. The following section will briefly review the literature on the possible alternatives to the patent system, and how best to deploy them to mitigate the costs of patents. 5. New Reward System for Pharmaceutical Innovation: Reward Contests as a Primer for Innovation As seen above, the patent monopoly system doesn’t serve the pharmaceuticals market very well – it leads to misdirected innovation[24], to substantial deadweight losses[25], to counterfeit drugs[26], to price controls[27], and arguably to excessive marketing and unnecessary risks to patients. These features are not observed in other markets.[28] This suggests that there are two crucial requirements for an effective system of funding innovation in pharmaceuticals. First, the rewards for innovation in pharmaceuticals should be proportional to the social value of the innovation. Second, prices should be near average production cost, in order to minimize deadweight losses and counterfeit drugs, and to eliminate the need for price controls. The following section details a proposal for a system which meets these requirements. 5.1   The proposed reward system and its implementation: Generics a New stand Method for rewarding patented pharmaceuticals with payments or rewards paid out of a government-financed Pharmaceutical Innovation Fund (PIF). When a drug is approved for use in a country, it would be registered by a firm, normally by the owner of related patents required in the production of the drug.[29] PIF would make payments to registrants, and in exchange for such payments, registrants would be compelled to grant zero-priced licenses for all listed patents when used to make and sell the drug. The payments would be annual during the period in which the registrant’s drugs were patented. Rewards might also be paid for patented cost-reducing process innovations, and for court verdicts of invalidity or non-infringement which allowed for generic production without a compulsory license. The aim of this section is to outline how the fund should determine the reward for a given innovation. Each patented drug would given points reflecting gain in average therapeutic value less costs of treatment over that of the next best pre-existing treatment, for all units of the drug sold by the registrant and by other manufacturers in a given year. Drugs that improve health would get reward = Incremental value of QALY[30] Ãâ€" Dollar value of QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Years)[31]. This will be determined on the therapeutic value determinant of the drugs. Better the therapeutic value more the reward. This put simply means that the pleasure drug like Viagra would enjoy less reward than the life saving essential drug. Cost reducing innovations should be given the points that have been achieved by using the patented technology = Average price of the medicine set by all sellers using patented innovations – Average price not using the patented innovation Ãâ€" number of pills sold. This can be a parameter for the successful invention as the number of drugs sold will generate more revenue and this parameter can be used for determining successful invention. Registrant would get points for every sale of its drug, no matter who produced or sold the product, so that the reward is really for the innovation, clinical testing, and marketing of the product. In principal, the innovator need not produce/sell the drug, though it would have an incentive to market the drug so as to increase the volume of sales on which it could earn points. In many instances, drugs are given for a variety of different conditions, and so the therapeutic value, as well as the next best therapies, would be different for different conditions. This implies that it would be useful to obtain evidence from prescribing doctors on what conditions drugs were prescribed for, through random sampling of doctors.[32] 5.2   Significances of the proposed system The potential significance of the proposal are immense, including making drugs more widely accessible, eliminating over pricing, improving the direction of research spending, and marketing incentives more efficient. 5.2.1 Better direction of research expenditures This proposed system would make the incentives to innovate proportional in a meaningful way to social value, since the award given to the drug registrant would be appropriate with the net benefit created by the drug. This would increase the incentives to find new drugs with large incremental therapeutic value, and decrease the incentives to find new products which offered little extra benefit. (And with fewer me-too products, and less incentive to advertise them, profits of pioneer innovators would be even higher.) And it could become profitable to demonstrate the therapeutic value of old, unpatented compounds for new uses, if rewards were paid to patentees who had shown the therapeutic value of the patented use of the drug 5.2.2 Elimination of â€Å"Deadweight Loss† (DWL) Prices of drugs under this proposal would fall to approximately the average cost of production. Based on experience with medicines facing generic competition today, this implies that patented drug prices would decrease by on average 50% to 80%. This would obviously be beneficial for consumers, with total savings in the US of on the order of $100bn annually. Global, savings might be on the order of $200bn. Much of this saving would be used up in paying for rewards. Aside from the reduction in total expense to consumers, there would be a welfare gain from increased consumption of lower-priced medicines. Deadweight loss (DWL) from the current patent system is certainly immense in pharmaceutical markets. The efficiency gains from reducing drug prices to approximately the average cost of production could easily be over $100bn, and the gains in terms of saved lives would likely be very good in number. 5.2.3 Efficient marketing The proposed system of rewards would not prevent marketing by the drug registrant. Indeed, promotions which prolonged demand could be profitable, since the registrant obtains points for more sales, based on the average net benefit. However, the effect of this marketing would be wholly profitable: marketing with increased sales such that the net benefit was negative would decrease the reward obtained. So manufacturers would have an incentive to promote the drug to obtain the largest number of consumers with a positive net profit. However, the amount of promotional activity would be declined under this proposal because there would be lesser copycat drugs competing to attract a restricted number of prescriptions. 5.3 Possible global implications of the proposed system This system is ideal for enabling wide international access to life saving drugs, while eliminating ineffective parallel imports between nations having different prices. Innovator could be resident anywhere; and with prices equal to the average cost of production, even developing nations would be well served. However, if not all states adopted this model, then one could expect substantial parallel imports into the non-adopting states. The asymmetries could lead to some problems of coordination between adopting and non-adopting nations with respect to pharmaceutical trade and commerce. But the system if adopted by many nations could be designed to allow for small contributions in developing nations, basically by assigning them a small dollar value for each QALY. 6. Discussion and conclusion The proposal outlined in this essay presents an effective method of rewarding pharmaceutical innovation which yields two major benefits. First, it aligns private research incentives with social objectives i.e. as much focused issues of high drug prices by rewarding innovations based on their assessed therapeutic value. This is an improvement over the ordinary implementation of the current monopoly patent system, which cannot be efficient in bringing out pharmaceutical innovation given that pharmaceutical markets are extraordinarily dysfunctional. The proposed system can therefore be used to increase the rate of drug development cycle. Second, it allows for medicines to be priced at near the average cost of production, enabling widespread access to life saving drugs. It is possible to achieve both of these goals without increased government expenditures on drugs, since governments are already large buyers of high-priced medicines. The proposed system is not intended to be an assault o n the pharmaceutical industry: on the contrary, it continues to offer healthy benefits to pharmaceutical manufacturers which successfully bring valuable, innovative drugs to market, while removing the spectre of poorly-conceived, arbitrary price controls and satisfying the public interest. These significances suggest that this system deserves serious investigation. Bibliography STATUTES Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 US, (the Hatch-Waxman Act) The Orphan Drug Act of US Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 Food Drug Cosmetic Act  §525-528 European Community Directive 2001/83/EC, Article 10 (1), (a), (i), (ii), (iii) OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, at wto.org/English/thwto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindec_trips_e.htm Oxfam, â€Å"Fatal Side Effects: Medicine Patents Under the Microscope.† In Brigitte Granville, ed., The Economics of Essential Medicines, (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002). Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health, Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights, (Geneva: WHO Press, 2006), at 175-188. Carlos Maria Correa, â€Å"Implications of bilateral free trade agreements on access to medicines,† Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 84, No. 5 (2006). John H. Baton, â€Å"Research-tool patents: issues for health in the developing world,† Bulletin of the World Health Organization vol. 80, No. 2 (2002). The Gale Group, Intellectual Property Rules: A Delicate Balancing Act for Drug Development, 23 Chain Drug Rev. RX13 2001. BOOKS Peter Drahos and Ruth Mayne, Global Intellectual Property Rights: Knowledge, Access and Development, eds., (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) JOURNALS Angell, Marcia, â€Å"The Pharmaceutical Industry: To whom is it Accountable?† (2000), 342:1902-1904, New England Journal of Med Elyse Tanouye Robert Langreth, ‘Times Up: with Patents Expiring on Big Prescriptions, Drug Industry Quakes’, (Aug 12, 1997) The Wall Street Journal. Frederick M. Abbott and Jerome H. Reichman, â€Å"The Doha Round’s Public Health Legacy: Strategies for the Production and Diffusion of Patented Medicines under the Amended TRIPS Provisions,† (December 2007), vol. 10, No. 4, JIEL. George Foster, ‘Opposing Forces in a Revolution in International Patent Protection: the U.S. and India in the Uruguay Round and Its Aftermath’, (1998) 3 UCLA J. Int’l L For. Aff. Lara Glasgow, ‘Stretching the Limits of Intellectual Property Rights: Has the Pharmaceutical Industry Gone Too Far?’ (2001) 41 J.L.Tech. Tao Huang, â€Å"The Experimental Purpose Doctrine and Biomedical Research,† (2004), vol. 11 Michigan Telecom Tech L Review.       [1] Elyse Tanouye Robert Langreth, ‘Times Up: with Patents Expiring on Big Prescriptions, Drug Industry Quakes’, (Aug 12, 1997), The Wall Street Journal. [2] George Foster, Opposing Forces in a Revolution in International Patent Protection: the U.S. and India in the Uruguay Round and Its Aftermath, (1998), 3 UCLA J. Int’l L For. Aff. 283. [3] This is the stage when the drugs that are almost equivalent in substance and efficacy to the original drugs can be sold for a fraction of the original price. [4] The Gale Group, Intellectual Property Rules: A Delicate Balancing Act for Drug Development, 23 Chain Drug Rev. RX13 2001. [5] See Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-417, 98 Stat. 1585. Codified as 35 USC. [6] Lara Glasgow, Stretching the Limits of Intellectual Property Rights: Has the Pharmaceutical Industry Gone Too Far?, (2001), 41 J.L.Tech, 227.( For example, Bristol-Myers secured a new patent that was closely related to its original patent on the anti-cancer drug Taxol months before its original patent expired in 1997) [7]  §360aa-360ee (Food Drug Cosmetic Act  §525-528); An   example of this system working is that Merck, Sharp Dome, Inc. is developing drugs to treat Wilson’s disease, where only about one hundred Americans can potentially benefit from such a drug. Without proper patent protection, such development would not have taken place in the first place and people who suffer from the disease would be the ones to lose. [8] There an exclusive period of six months following a patent term is offered to pioneer companies to conduct clinical investigations to determine safe and effective doses for children. [9] Paragraph 17 of the European Parliament 1996 Resolution provides as follows: â€Å"Measures should be introduced which enable pharmaceutical companies to begin, in advance of patent or supplementary protection certificate (SPC) expiry, such laboratory experiments and regulatory preparations as may be required only for the registration of generic pharmaceuticals developed in the EU, to be available on the market immediately, but only after the expiry of a patent or SPC for a proprietary product.† [10] See Article 10 (1), (a), (i), (ii), (iii), Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, (as amended). [11] See Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, at wto.org/English/thwto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindec_trips_e.htm (accessed on May 20, 2011). [12] See Frederick M. Abbott and Jerome H. Reichman, â€Å"The Doha Round’s Public Health Legacy: Strategies for the Production and Diffusion of Patented Medicines under the Amended TRIPS Provisions,† (December 2007), vol. 10, No. 4, Journal of International Economic Law, at 929-957. [13] See for example, Carlos Maria Correa, â€Å"Implications of bilateral free trade agreements on access to medicines,† (2006), vol. 84, No. 5, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, at 399-404. [14] See Oxfam, â€Å"Fatal Side Effects: Medicine Patents Under the Microscope.† In Brigitte Granville, ed., The Economics of Essential Medicines, (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002) at 81-99, (noting that patented drugs are more expensive than off-patent drugs); Kumariah Balasubramaniam, â€Å"Access to Medicines: Patents, Prices and Public Policy – Consumer Perspectives.† In Peter Drahos and Ruth Mayne, Global Intellectual Property Rights: Knowledge, Access and Development, eds., (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) at 90-107. [15] See John H. Baton, â€Å"Research-tool patents: issues for health in the developing world,† (2002) vol. 80, No. 2, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, at 121-125. [16] See for example, Tao Huang, â€Å"The Experimental Purpose Doctrine and Biomedical Research,† (2004), Vol. 11, Michigan Telecommunication Technology Law Review, at 97-115. [17] See Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health, Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights, (Geneva: WHO Press, 2006), at 175-188. [18] Id [19] Angell, Marcia, â€Å"The Pharmaceutical Industry: To whom is it Accountable?† New England Journal of Medicine, 2000, 342:1902-1904. p. 90) argues that many me-too drugs are never tested at equivalent doses to show that there are significant differences in outcomes for some patients, and claims that â€Å"the idea that patients respond differently to me-too drugs is merely an untested – and self-serving – hypothesis.† [20] DiMasi J and C Paquette, â€Å"The Economics of Follow-on Drug Research and Development Trends in Entry Rates and the Timing of Development† Pharmaco-economics 22 (Suppl. 2), 2004: 1-14. [21] Avorn, Jerry, Powerful medicines. (New York, 2004): Knopf. p. 262(discusses how deadweight losses can occur even when there is full insurance. Insurers may be unwilling to cover certain medicines, such as osteoporosis drugs, whose benefits mainly appear only after some years.); the patent system as now implemented also causes substantial welfare losses because consumers who would buy the product if it were priced at somewhere nearer production cost do not buy it at the monopoly price. The welfare loss caused by this is called by economists the â€Å"deadweight loss† (DWL) of monopoly pricing. [22] Guell R. and M. Fischbaum, â€Å"Toward allocative efficiency in the prescription drug industry.† Milbank Quarterly, 1995, 73: 213-229. [23] Douglas and Guell (2004) use US and Canadian data to argue that the DWL in the US market for a large number of drugs is at least 25% of sales. [24] It is well known that monopoly exploitation of innovations under the patent system can reduce the benefits or â€Å"surplus† available to society from an innovation. [25] Supra note 21. [26] A recent statement of the US Assistant Attorney General in a vaccine price-gouging case claimed that an â€Å"exorbitant market price †¦ may increase the incentive for counterfeiters to manufacture fake, ineffective, and potentially unsafe† drugs. (Statement of Interest of the United States, in Office of the Florida Attorney General v. ASAP Meds, Inc., Broward County Circuit Court, October 22, 2004.) [27] Supra note 20 [28] For example, in automobile markets, consumers are relatively competent to assess product quality and to make informed decisions about purchasing based on prices, quality, and their own budgets. Automobile makers therefore have incentives to develop differentiated products which respond to consumers’ demands. Deadweight losses are relatively small in automobile markets because prices are close to the average cost of production, counterfeits are relatively rare, and price controls are not used. [29] It is possible that a registrant might not own all the required patents, in which case registration would require the registrant to obtain a license to the patents from the patentee. [30] Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used in assessing the value for money of a medical intervention. The QALY is based on the number of years of life that would be added by the intervention. Each year in perfect health is assigned the value of 1.0 down to a value of 0.0 for death. If the extra years would not be lived in full health, for example if the patient would lose a limb, or be blind or have to use a wheelchair, then the extra life-years are given a value between 0 and 1 to account for this. In a worst possible health state it will be from 0 to negative value. [31] Drugs which advance health should be given points reflecting the gain in average therapeutic value less costs of treatment over that of the next best pre-existing treatment. It will determine the net benefit of a drug, and then compare it to the net benefit of the next most effective pre-existing therapy, and award points based on the improvement. These points would be awarded to the registrant for each year in which the registrant’s patents would, in the absence of compulsory licensing, be sufficient to prevent other firms from producing bio-equivalent products. [32] This would be particularly important for some drugs which have extensive off-label uses (uses for which the FDA has not approved the product). There are claims that up to half of all prescriptions are written for off-label uses. â€Å"How Drug Directory Helps Raise Tab for Medicaid and Insurers†, Wall Street Journal Oct. 23, 2003. IMS Health already conducts in the US a survey of this sort entitled the â€Å"National Disease and Therapeutic Index.†

Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Smoking - Essay Example This paper describes three major facts associated with smoking in order to persuade smokers to get rid of their smoking habit. Amina Khan in her article, â€Å"Joe Paterno has lung cancer: What are the risks?†, published in Los Angeles Times on November 18, 2011, says the reasons for the lung cvancer caused to former Penn State football coach Joe Paterno. Joe Paterno has been diagnosed with a treatable form of lung cancer recently. She has pointed out that Paterno has never been known as a smoker. In her opinion, â€Å"The most common risk factor for lung cancer is a history of smoking -- even if a patient quit decades earlier. Its not uncommon for patients to quit and think theyre no longer at risk† (Khan). Brizer (2003) has also mentioned the association of cancer with smoking. â€Å"German researchers proved the association of cancer with smoking† (Brizer, p.21). Even though smoking can cause different types of physical diseases such as heart attacks, cancers, cough etc, Lung cancer seems to be the most dangerous disease associated with smoking. It is estimated that tobacco contains more than 4,000 chemicals which may cause different types of diseases to the smoker and the secondary smoke breathers. Ammonia, arsenic, carbon monoxide, and benzene are some of the toxic ingredients in cigarette smoke. Out of these 4000 chemicals, 43 can cause cancer disease. In fact 86% of all deaths caused by smoking is due to lung cancer (Smoking Cessation). Seventy-seven percent (482) had a smoking history while 11.3% (71) were current smokers. The length of smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis was

Business Environments of ALDO and Clarks shoe Companies Essay

Business Environments of ALDO and Clarks shoe Companies - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in 1993 ALDO entered the US market and in the next year it ventured out of North America. Israel was the first country outside North America where ALDO started its business under a franchisee agreement. It set ALDO’s international business model. By 2011 the company has opened more than 1000 stores operating in sixty-five countries across the globe. There are also 160 ALDO Accessories stores operating in nineteen countries. The Clarks was established as a result of an inspirational idea by James Clark. The company was founded by the joint effort of the brothers, Cyrus and James Clark in 1825 in Somerset village in the United Kingdom. The start was made with â€Å"their sheepskin slipper, named the ‘Brown Petersburg’† which was highly successful. In 1842 the monthly sales averaged at one thousand pairs a month. Initially, the entire production was prepared by hand and by the Clark brothers only. With the rise in demand, workers fr om outside were hired. In 1851 the Clark brothers were awarded â€Å"at the Great Exhibition† where the achievements of the British industry were showcased. In 1863 the factory system was established and thirty years later, in 1883, the first shoe was designed that fit the actual shape of the foot. This remains as the bedrock of reputation of this company. In 1990, the factory location was changed from the UK to Portugal following changes in trade patterns in the world. It was the onset of the company’s decision to move out and operate overseas. Presently Clarks has expanded in â€Å"Eastern and Western Europe, North America, India, as well as China†. The knowledge of the core customer base is essential for any retailer. The decision about the target market is taken on the basis of detailed analysis on the existing client base. Customer satisfaction level and loyalty, loopholes leading to customer dissatisfaction, current taste of the people in general, spending patterns of the people and scope for pulling them towards the particular brand, visions of creating new designs suiting customer preference; all these require in-depth knowledge of the customers or range of customers that a retailer targets for its sale. Respect for the customers’ preferences is very important.